<div dir="auto"><div>Max ... responding to Jim's added analysis, </div><div dir="auto">1.) What model year is you car?</div><div dir="auto">2.) My Squareback is a 1969.</div><div dir="auto">3.) I believe at least one of Jim's cars is a "late" Type 3. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">That means that (by his note) his non-working horn problem may be completely different from your or my problem. </div><div dir="auto">???</div><div><br></div><div data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Gary F. - Oregon WI</div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Jan 23, 2026, 11:53 AM Jim Adney <<a href="mailto:jadney@vwtype3.org">jadney@vwtype3.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">I want to clarify some details about the ground side of the horn circuit. It has <br>
two halves: the "hot" side and the grounded side. The two halves are <br>
separated by the horn siwtch in the steering wheel hub.<br>
<br>
The description below is for '70 and earlier. Everything changed in '71.<br>
<br>
The "hot" side of the horn ground circuit consists of the brown wire leading <br>
from the cold side of the horn to the steering shaft. I'm not clear on where <br>
this path runs. In early cars, there is a ball bearing at the top of the steering <br>
column that is insulated from the rest of the column by sitting in a plastic <br>
cup. Somehow the brown wire is connected to the outer race of that bearing, <br>
so contact to the steering shaft is made thru the bearing. Note that this <br>
makes the WHOLE steering shaft, including the steering wheel hub, "hot." <br>
This MAY be how all cars prior to '71 are wired.<br>
<br>
I've heard of the plastic cup that insulates the bearing breaking down. That <br>
could be a problem here, but usually if the cup is broken, the horn would <br>
sound all the time, but maybe there's something in there making poor <br>
contact.<br>
<br>
To sound the horn, the horn ring is connected to a wire that runs down inside <br>
the steering shaft (which is "hot") and jumps acorss the insulating flex <br>
<a href="http://coupling.to" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">coupling.to</a> the steering gearbox input shaft. The jumper from the steering <br>
gearbox to the pan horns complete the path to ground.<br>
<br>
I note that in Max's picture of his steering wheel hub, the wire running into <br>
the steering shaft is missing the black rubber grommet/plug that keeps it <br>
from rubbing. I don't normally think of that as a problem, but it could be in <br>
this case. I may have one of those, if needed.<br>
<br>
So, when the horn is not sounding, the entire steering shaft and the steering <br>
wheel hub are "hot." Grounding anything there should cause the horn to <br>
sound. The horn ring is part of the cold side of this circuit, so depressing it <br>
makes contact between the grounded "cold" side and the floating "hot" side, <br>
causing the horn to sound.<br>
<br>
Okay, now I've checked the parts list and I need to add a few more details.<br>
<br>
Up thru '67 things are as described above. The steering shaft ball bearing <br>
and insulator appear to be sold as a single combined assembly. It looks like <br>
it has a connection for a wire, presumably the brown wire for the "hot" side of <br>
the horn ground circuit. <br>
<br>
From '68 (when the collapsable steering shaft started) thru '70, the ball <br>
bearing is sold separately and the insulator is in L & R halves. One of those <br>
halves appears to have a connection for a wire, presumably the brown wire <br>
for the "hot" side of the horn ground circuit. There is a "contact ring" that <br>
plays some role here, but I'm not sure how it fits in this circuit; it may carry <br>
current from the outer bearing race to the shaft, to keep horn current from <br>
running thru the contact points between the balls and the races. I suspect <br>
that the horn ground circuit remains pretty much unchanged.<br>
<br>
In '71, everything changed.<br>
<br>
Max, I hope some of this helps. Let us know what you find.<br>
<br>
-- <br>
*******************************<br>
Jim Adney, <a href="mailto:jadney@vwtype3.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">jadney@vwtype3.org</a><br>
Madison, Wisconsin, USA<br>
*******************************<br>
<br>
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